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Donetsk ((ウクライナ語:Донецьк) (:doˈnɛt͡sʲk), translit. ''Donets’k''; ; former names: Aleksandrovka, Yuzovka, Stalino (see also: cities' alternative names)) is an industrial city in Ukraine on the Kalmius River. The population was estimated at in the city, and over 2,000,000 in the metropolitan area (2011). According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, Donetsk was the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Results / General results of the census / Number of cities )〕 Since April 2014, the city is the administrative centre of and effectively administered by the Donetsk People's Republic. Administratively, it has been the centre of Donetsk Oblast, while historically, it is the unofficial capital and largest city of the larger economic and cultural Donets Basin (''Donbas'') region. Donetsk is adjacent to another major city of Makiivka and along with other surrounding cities forms a major urban sprawl and conurbation in the region. Donetsk has been a major economic, industrial and scientific centre of Ukraine with a high concentration of companies and a skilled workforce. The original settlement in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire was first mentioned as ''Aleksandrovka'' in 1779, under the Russian Empress Catherine the Great. In 1869, British businessman, John Hughes, built a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the town was named Yuzovka (Юзовка) in recognition of his role ("Yuz" being a Russian-language approximation of ''Hughes''). During Soviet times, the city's steel industry was expanded. In 1924, it was renamed ''Stalino'', and in 1932 the city became the centre of the Donetsk region. Renamed Donetsk in 1961, the city today remains the centre for coal mining and steel industry. Since April 2014, Donetsk and its surrounding areas have been one of the major sites of fighting in the War in Donbass. == History == The city was founded in 1869 when the Welsh businessman John Hughes built a steel plant and several coal mines at ''Aleksandrovka'', in the south of European part of Russia. It was initially named ''Hughesovka'' ((ロシア語:Юзовка)).〔''Yuz'' is a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes〕 In its early period, it received immigrants from Wales, especially the town of Merthyr Tydfil. By the beginning of the 20th century, Yuzivka had approximately 50,000 inhabitants,〔The population included mostly migrants from neighbouring Russian territories〕 and had attained the status of a city in 1917. The main district of "Hughezovka" is named English Colony, and the British origin of the city is reflected in its layout and architecture. When the Russian Civil War broke out, on 12 February 1918 Yuzovka was part of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic. The Republic was disbanded at the 2nd All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets on 20 March 1918 when the independence of the Soviet Ukraine was announced. It failed to achieve recognition, either internationally or by the Russian SFSR, and, in accordance with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, was abolished. In 1924, under the Soviet rule, the city's name was changed to ''Stalin''. In that year, the city's population totaled 63,708, and in the next year, 80,085. In 1929–31 the city's name was changed to ''Stalino''.〔http://alldonetsk.info/en/history-city-donetsk The history of the city of Donetsk〕 The city did not have a drinking water system until 1931, when a system was laid underground. In July 1933, the city became the administrative center of the Donetsk Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR.〔 In 1933, the first sewer system was installed, and next year the first exploitation of gas was conducted within the city. In addition, some sources state that the city was briefly called Trotsk—after Leon Trotsky—for a few months in 1923. In the beginning of World War II, the population of Stalino consisted of 507,000, and after the war, only 175,000. The German invasion during World War II almost completely destroyed the city, which was mostly rebuilt on a large scale at the war's end. It was occupied by German forces as part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine between 16 October 1941 and 5 September 1943. The Italians actually took Stalino. In 1945, many forced labourers, young men and women aged 17 to 35, were interned in reparation servitude from the Danube Swabian ''(Schwowe)'' communities of Yugoslavia, Hungary and Romania (the Batschka and Banat) and worked under extreme hardship to rebuild Stalino and to labour in its mines. Many died from disease and malnutrition. During Nikita Khrushchev's second wave of destalinization in November 1961 the city was renamed Donetsk, after the Seversky Donets River, a tributary of the Don〔 in order to distance it from the former leader Joseph Stalin. In 1965, the Donetsk Academy of Sciences was established as part of the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR. After experiencing a tough time in the 1990s, when it was the center of gang wars for control over industrial enterprises, Donetsk has modernised quickly in recent years, largely under the influence of big companies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Donetsk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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